• Unit 1 Learning Objectives

    WJEC A-Level Biology

    Unit 1: Basic Biochemistry and Cell Organisation

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    1Chemical Elements and Biological Compounds
    52 objectives
    #Learning ObjectiveSpecR/A/G
    1Can you distinguish between the terms: atom, molecule, element, compound, organic and inorganic?1.1(a)
    2Can you describe the role of magnesium, iron, phosphate and calcium ions in cell metabolism?1.1(a)
    3Can you explain the specific roles of Mg²⁺ in chlorophyll, Fe²⁺ in haemoglobin, PO₄³⁻ in nucleic acids and phospholipids, and Ca²⁺ in strengthening bones, teeth and cell walls?1.1(a)
    4Can you draw the structure of a water molecule?1.1(b)
    5Can you state the name of the intermolecular bond that holds water molecules together and explain why water is a polar molecule?1.1(b)
    6Can you explain the biological importance of water in terms of its polarity, ability to form hydrogen bonds, surface tension, as a solvent, thermal properties and as a metabolite?1.1(b)
    7Can you explain the importance of high specific heat capacity and high latent heat of vaporisation? Can you explain how water provides support and buoyancy?1.1(b)
    8Can you name at least 4 monosaccharides and classify them based on number of carbon atoms and functional group?1.1(c)
    9Can you name specific examples: glyceraldehyde (triose), ribose/deoxyribose (pentose), α-glucose/β-glucose/fructose/galactose (hexose)?1.1(c)
    10Can you recognise the structure of monosaccharides?1.1(c)
    11Can you state the functions, chemical and physical properties of monosaccharides?1.1(c)
    12Can you state the general formula of a monosaccharide (Cₙ(H₂O)ₙ)?1.1(c)
    13Can you define what an isomer is using glucose as an example?1.1(d)
    14Can you identify α and β glucose from molecular structure diagrams?1.1(d)
    15Do you know what elements make up a carbohydrate?1.1(c)
    16Can you name three disaccharides?1.1(c)
    17Can you name the two monosaccharides that make up each disaccharide (sucrose=glucose+fructose, maltose=α-glucose+α-glucose, lactose=glucose+galactose)?1.1(c)
    18Can you name the bond that joins the two monosaccharides together (glycosidic bond)?1.1(c)
    19Can you name and describe the condensation reaction when monosaccharides join together?1.1(c)
    20Can you state the function of the three disaccharides and where each is found?1.1(c)
    21Can you name and describe the structure and function of 5 polysaccharides (starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin)?1.1(c)
    22Can you describe how chitin differs from cellulose (β monomers with nitrogen-containing acetylamine groups replacing some -OH groups)?1.1(c)
    23Do you know the role of hydrogen bonds in polysaccharides and microfibril formation?1.1(c-e)
    24Can you explain how solubility, osmotic effect, energy content and strength relate to storage (starch/glycogen) vs structural (cellulose/chitin) polysaccharides?1.1(e)
    25Can you describe the biological test for reducing and non-reducing sugars and for starch?1.1 Prac
    26Do you understand the quantitative Benedicts test and the use of standard solutions to calibrate a colorimeter?1.1 Prac
    27Can you determine the concentration of an unknown glucose solution from a calibration curve?1.1 Prac
    28Do you know the name of the hydrolysis reaction that can break glycosidic bonds?1.1(c)
    29Can you name the elements that make up a lipid and a phospholipid?1.1(f)
    30Can you name the components (monomers) of a lipid and phospholipid (glycerol and fatty acids)?1.1(f)
    31Can you name and describe the condensation reaction and ester bond formation in lipids?1.1(f)
    32Can you describe the hydrolysis reaction that breaks ester bonds in lipids?1.1(f)
    33Can you describe the functions of lipids/phospholipids?1.1(f)
    34Can you describe how lipids function in insulation, energy storage and protection of organs?1.1(f)
    35Can you explain the difference between saturated, mono-unsaturated and poly-unsaturated fatty acids?1.1(f)
    36Can you explain why an animal fat is solid at room temperature but a plant oil is liquid?1.1(f)
    37Can you state the differences between lipids and phospholipids?1.1(f)
    38Can you relate hydrophobic and hydrophilic to the structure of lipids and phospholipids?1.1(f)
    39Can you describe the implications of saturated fat on human health?1.1(g)
    40Can you explain how saturated fats raise LDL cholesterol levels, increasing atheroma formation in coronary arteries?1.1(g)
    41Can you describe the emulsion test for lipids?1.1 Prac
    42Can you draw the structure of a general amino acid and identify the amino group, carboxylic acid group and R group?1.1(h)
    43Can you state the names and definitions of the 4 levels of protein structure?1.1(i)
    44Can you describe condensation and hydrolysis reactions forming/breaking peptide bonds?1.1(h)
    45Can you identify a peptide bond and dipeptide from a diagram?1.1(h)
    46Can you state how many different amino acids there are (20) and explain how they differ (R group)?1.1(h)
    47Can you name the bonds that hold protein structure together (peptide, hydrogen, disulphide, ionic, hydrophobic interactions)?1.1(i)
    48Can you identify peptide bonds (primary), hydrogen bonds (secondary), and disulphide/ionic/hydrophobic interactions (tertiary) in protein structures?1.1(i)
    49Can you recognise and interpret ribbon diagrams showing α helices and β pleated sheets?1.1(i)
    50Can you compare the structure and functions of haemoglobin with collagen?1.1(j)
    51Can you explain how the fibrous structure of collagen relates to its structural function, and how the globular structure of haemoglobin relates to its metabolic function?1.1(j)
    52Can you describe the Biuret test for proteins?1.1 Prac
    2Cell Structure and Organisation
    30 objectives
    #Learning ObjectiveSpecR/A/G
    1Can you identify the following organelles from electron micrographs and drawings: mitochondria, chloroplast, rough ER, smooth ER, Golgi body, ribosome, vacuole, plasma membrane, centrioles, cilia, nucleus, nucleolus, nuclear envelope, nuclear pores, lysosomes, plasmodesmata and vesicles?1.2(a)
    2Can you state the functions of all the organelles listed above?1.2(a)
    3Do you know the relative sizes of the organelles?1.2(a)
    4Do you understand the term organelles provide membrane-bound compartments within the cell?1.2(a)
    5Can you describe how organelles work together in the synthesis and transport of glycoproteins?1.2(a)
    6Can you draw a fully labelled diagram of a mitochondrion and a chloroplast?1.2(a)
    7Can you state the similarities and differences between a chloroplast and a mitochondrion?1.2(a)
    8Can you explain why mitochondria can look different in electron micrographs (plane of section)?1.2(a)
    9Can you explain why most organelles can only be seen by electron microscopy?1.2(a)
    10Can you compare the structure of a plant cell with that of an animal cell?1.2(c)
    11Can you fully describe the fate of amino acids from entry into cell to leaving as proteins (nucleus → ribosome → RER → Golgi → vesicle → exocytosis)?1.2(a)
    12Can you compare and contrast a prokaryotic and a eukaryotic cell?1.2(b-c)
    13Can you recognise a prokaryotic cell from a diagram and electron micrograph?1.2(b)
    14Can you draw and fully label a prokaryotic cell?1.2(b)
    15Can you describe key prokaryotic features: 70S ribosomes, circular DNA without histones, murein/peptidoglycan cell wall, mesosomes as sites of respiration?1.2(b)
    16Can you describe the basic structure of a virus?1.2(b)
    17Can you describe the basic life cycle of a virus?1.2(b)
    18Can you state the cell theory: new cells form from existing cells; the cell is the fundamental unit of structure, function and organisation?1.2(c)
    19Can you explain why viruses are not considered cells (they do not show typical cell structure)?1.2(c)
    20Can you define a tissue and an organ?1.2(d)
    21Can you name several different tissues and organs?1.2(d)
    22Can you describe the function of several tissues in relation to their structure?1.2(d)
    23Can you recognise tissues from a diagram?1.2(d)
    24Can you identify ciliated, columnar and squamous epithelia from prepared slides?1.2(d)
    25Can you identify striated, smooth and cardiac muscle from prepared slides?1.2(d)
    26Can you identify connective tissue from prepared slides?1.2(d)
    27Can you calibrate the light microscope at low and high power using a graticule?1.2 Prac
    28Can you calculate actual size using: Actual size = Image size ÷ Magnification?1.2 Prac
    29Can you calculate magnification using: Magnification = Image size ÷ Actual size?1.2 Prac
    30Can you prepare and produce scientific drawings of living cells with appropriate annotations?1.2 Prac
    3Cell Membranes and Transport
    40 objectives
    #Learning ObjectiveSpecR/A/G
    1Can you draw and fully label the cell membrane as shown by the fluid mosaic model?1.3(a)
    2Can you explain why the cell membrane is described as the fluid mosaic model?1.3(a)
    3Do you know the thickness of the cell membrane (7-10nm)?1.3(a)
    4Can you explain the functions of all the components of the cell membrane?1.3(a)
    5Can you describe the roles of intrinsic proteins (channel/carrier), extrinsic proteins, glycoproteins, glycocalyx, phospholipids and cholesterol?1.3(a)
    6Can you describe the function of the cell membrane?1.3(a)
    7Can you name the scientists that first described the fluid mosaic model (Singer and Nicolson)?1.3(a)
    8Can you explain how temperature and organic solvents affect membrane permeability?1.3(b)
    9Can you define: Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, Active Transport and Osmosis?1.3(c)
    10Can you relate the structure of the cell membrane to the transport of polar and non-polar substances?1.3(c)
    11Can you name specific substances that are polar and non-polar?1.3(c)
    12Can you state other names that mean polar (hydrophilic) and non-polar (hydrophobic)?1.3(c)
    13Can you calculate rate and percentage change of rate from a graph?1.3(c)
    14Can you state the factors that affect the rate of diffusion (surface area, concentration gradient, temperature, molecule size, lipid solubility, membrane thickness)?1.3(c)
    15Can you relate the structure of the cell membrane to the size and lipid solubility of substances diffusing through it?1.3(c)
    16Can you recognise a graph that shows diffusion occurring?1.3(c)
    17Can you state the factors that affect the rate of facilitated diffusion?1.3(c)
    18Can you relate the structure of the cell membrane to facilitated diffusion?1.3(c)
    19Can you recognise a graph showing facilitated diffusion?1.3(c)
    20Do you understand the term saturation effect and where this occurs on a graph?1.3(c)
    21Can you explain saturation in terms of limited number of carrier/channel proteins being occupied?1.3(c)
    22Can you draw a diagram to show facilitated diffusion occurring?1.3(c)
    23Can you describe co-transport as a type of facilitated diffusion where two substances are transported simultaneously by a carrier protein?1.3(c)
    24Can you state the conditions needed for active transport to occur (ATP, carrier proteins)?1.3(c)
    25Can you relate the structure of the cell membrane to active transport?1.3(c)
    26Can you recognise a graph showing active transport?1.3(c)
    27Can you draw a diagram showing active transport?1.3(c)
    28Do you know how the Na⁺/K⁺ pump works and its importance to cellular function?1.3(c)
    29Can you explain how cyanide affects active transport by inhibiting ATP production in respiration?1.3(c)
    30Do you understand the terms: Water Potential (ψw), Solute Potential (ψs) and Pressure Potential (ψp)?1.3(c)
    31Can you use the equation: ψw = ψs + ψp?1.3(c)
    32Do you understand the terms: Isotonic, Hypotonic and Hypertonic?1.3(c)
    33Can you describe and explain the effects of osmosis on animal cells (e.g. red blood cells)?1.3(c)
    34Can you draw a red blood cell to show the effects of isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic solutions?1.3(c)
    35Do you know what haemolysis and crenation mean in animal cells?1.3(c)
    36Can you describe the effects of isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions on plant cells?1.3(c)
    37Do you understand the terms: turgid, plasmolysed and incipient plasmolysis?1.3(c)
    38Do you know the important relationships between ψw, ψs and ψp when a plant cell is plasmolysed (ψp=0, so ψs=ψw), turgid (ψw=0, so ψs=ψp) and at incipient plasmolysis?1.3(c)
    39Can you describe how to carry out plasmolysis of plant cells using a range of concentrations?1.3 Prac
    40Can you determine the water potential of a plant tissue using the change in mass/length method?1.3 Prac
    4Biological Reactions are Regulated by Enzymes
    37 objectives
    #Learning ObjectiveSpecR/A/G
    1Do you know that enzymes are globular proteins that act as catalysts?1.4(a)
    2Can you explain that enzymes have a specific tertiary structure with an active site?1.4(b)
    3Can you explain what happens in the active site when an enzyme-substrate complex forms?1.4(b)
    4Can you explain activation energy and how enzymes lower it?1.4(a)
    5Can you describe and explain the lock and key model?1.4(c)
    6Can you describe and explain the induced fit model?1.4(c)
    7Do you know the advantages and disadvantages of the two enzyme models?1.4(c)
    8Can you use the terms: active site, substrate, enzyme, enzyme-substrate complex, product?1.4(b)
    9Do you know that enzymes are intracellular or extracellular?1.4(a)
    10Do you know how temperature affects enzyme activity?1.4(d)
    11Do you know the Q₁₀ temperature coefficient?1.4(d)
    12Can you explain why the graph of temperature vs rate of reaction has the shape it does?1.4(d)
    13Can you explain that enzymes denature at high temperatures (and extreme pH)?1.4(d)
    14Can you interpret enzyme-temperature graphs when enzymes are exposed to heat for different lengths of time?1.4(d)
    15Do you know how pH affects enzyme activity?1.4(e)
    16Can you explain why the graph of pH vs rate of reaction has the shape it does?1.4(e)
    17Can you explain that different enzymes have different pH optima?1.4(e)
    18Do you know how substrate concentration affects enzyme activity?1.4(f)
    19Can you explain why the graph of substrate concentration vs rate of reaction has the shape it does?1.4(f)
    20Can you explain the term Vmax (maximum velocity)?1.4(f)
    21Can you explain the term Km (Michaelis constant)?1.4(f)
    22Do you know how enzyme concentration affects enzyme activity?1.4(f)
    23Can you explain why the graph of enzyme concentration vs rate of reaction has the shape it does?1.4(f)
    24Can you recognise and explain that competitive inhibitors compete with substrate for the active site?1.4(g)
    25Can you recognise and explain that non-competitive inhibitors bind to a different site (allosteric site)?1.4(g)
    26Do you know the effect of competitive and non-competitive inhibitors on Km and Vmax?1.4(g)
    27Can you recognise enzyme/inhibitor graphs and identify inhibitor types?1.4(g)
    28Can you explain end-product inhibition as an example of negative feedback?1.4(h)
    29Can you give examples of enzyme inhibitors: cyanide (cytochrome oxidase), heavy metal ions (many enzymes), organophosphates (acetylcholinesterase)?1.4(g)
    30Can you explain what is meant by immobilised enzymes?1.4(i)
    31Do you know the commercial and industrial advantages of using immobilised enzymes?1.4(i)
    32Can you describe different techniques to immobilise enzymes (alginate beads, adsorption, covalent bonding, entrapment)?1.4(i)
    33Can you describe the industrial production of lactose-free milk using immobilised enzymes?1.4(i)
    34Can you explain the effects of bead size and flow rate on product formation?1.4(i)
    35Can you explain the effect of increasing temperature on immobilised vs free enzymes?1.4(i)
    36Can you describe the investigation into the effect of temperature or pH on enzyme activity?1.4 Prac
    37Can you describe the investigation into the effect of enzyme or substrate concentration on enzyme activity?1.4 Prac
    5Nucleic Acids and Their Functions
    41 objectives
    #Learning ObjectiveSpecR/A/G
    1Can you list the components of a nucleotide (pentose sugar, phosphate, organic base)?1.5(a)
    2Can you draw and recognise a nucleotide?1.5(a)
    3Can you state the name of the phosphodiester bond formed between nucleotides?1.5(a)
    4Can you describe the structure of the ATP molecule?1.5(b)
    5Do you know the functions of ATP?1.5(d)
    6Do you know the meaning of Universal Energy Currency?1.5(d)
    7Can you explain that 30.6 kJ mol⁻¹ of energy is released when ATP is hydrolysed to ADP and phosphate?1.5(c)
    8Do you know what endergonic and exergonic reactions are and can you give examples?1.5(c)
    9Can you explain that ATP is formed in an endergonic reaction, with energy coming from exergonic reactions like respiration?1.5(c)
    10Can you describe how energy is released from the ATP molecule?1.5(d)
    11Can you describe how ATP is formed?1.5(d)
    12Do you know the names of the 4 nitrogenous bases in DNA (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine)?1.5(e)
    13Do you know which nitrogenous base is different in RNA (uracil instead of thymine)?1.5(f)
    14Can you place the 4 nitrogenous bases into purines (adenine, guanine) and pyrimidines (cytosine, thymine)?1.5(e)
    15Can you differentiate between purine and pyrimidine bases when given structural formulae?1.5(e)
    16Do you know the base pairing rule and Chargaffs ratio?1.5(e)
    17Can you fully describe the structure of DNA?1.5(e)
    18Can you describe antiparallel strands running 5 to 3 and 3 to 5?1.5(e)
    19Can you compare the structure of DNA with that of RNA?1.5(f)
    20Can you describe differences between mRNA, tRNA (cloverleaf with anticodon) and rRNA?1.5(f)
    21Can you state the two major functions of DNA (replication and protein synthesis)?1.5(g)
    22Can you explain how DNA replicates by semi-conservative replication?1.5(h)
    23Can you describe the steps in DNA replication including the names and functions of DNA helicase and DNA polymerase?1.5(h)
    24Can you draw a representative diagram of the replication fork?1.5(h)
    25Can you interpret and explain the results of the Meselson and Stahl experiment?1.5(h)
    26Do you know the structure of a gene in terms of exons and introns?1.5(k)
    27Can you distinguish between discontinuous genes (with introns) in eukaryotes and continuous genes (without introns) in prokaryotes?1.5(k)
    28Can you describe the genetic code as triplet, degenerate and non-overlapping?1.5(i-j)
    29Can you describe the genetic code as also linear, unambiguous and universal?1.5(i)
    30Do you know the one gene one polypeptide hypothesis?1.5(n)
    31Can you describe the process of transcription?1.5(l)
    32Can you describe the role of RNA polymerase linking to the template strand and inserting mRNA nucleotides according to complementary base pairing?1.5(l)
    33Can you explain that the molecule produced is pre-mRNA containing exons and introns?1.5(l)
    34Do you know what post-transcriptional modification (splicing) of mRNA is?1.5(l)
    35Can you explain that splicing removes introns to produce functional mRNA?1.5(l)
    36Can you describe the process of translation, including the function of mRNA, tRNA and rRNA?1.5(m)
    37Can you describe that ribosomes have two attachment sites for tRNA on the large subunit and one for mRNA on the small subunit?1.5(m)
    38Can you explain codon-anticodon interactions and peptide bond formation between amino acids?1.5(m)
    39Can you describe how polypeptides can be modified by addition of carbohydrates, lipids or phosphate?1.5(o)
    40Can you describe how polypeptides can be combined as exemplified by haemoglobin?1.5(o)
    41Can you describe the simple extraction of DNA from living material (e.g. strawberries)?1.5 Prac
    6Genetic Information is Copied and Passed On
    27 objectives
    #Learning ObjectiveSpecR/A/G
    1Can you describe the stages of the cell cycle (interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis)?1.6(a)
    2Can you recognise the cell cycle as shown on a pie graph and an X-Y (line) graph?1.6(a)
    3Can you state the stages of mitosis in the correct order (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase)?1.6(a)
    4Can you describe what occurs during each stage of the cell cycle?1.6(a)
    5Can you recognise a cell in each stage of mitosis from drawings and microscope images?1.6(a)
    6Do you know the significance of mitosis?1.6(b)
    7Can you explain that mitosis produces daughter cells with identical copies of genes (genetically identical)?1.6(b)
    8Can you state where mitosis occurs in plants and animals?1.6(a)
    9Can you describe cytokinesis in plant cells (cell plate formation) vs animal cells (cleavage furrow)?1.6(b)
    10Can you explain the significance of mitosis in repeated cell renewal?1.6(c)
    11Can you explain the significance of mitosis in damage repair and healing?1.6(c)
    12Can you explain how unrestricted cell division leads to cancerous growth?1.6(c)
    13Do you know the significance of meiosis?1.6(d-e)
    14Do you know how genetic variation occurs during meiosis?1.6(e)
    15Can you describe pairing of homologous chromosomes, crossing over, segregation of homologous chromosomes and independent assortment?1.6(d-e)
    16Can you compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis?1.6(e)
    17Can you compare: number of divisions, number of cells formed, ploidy of daughter cells, genetic nature of daughter cells?1.6(e)
    18Do you know the meaning of haploid and diploid?1.6(d)
    19Can you recognise cells in each stage of meiosis from drawings and microscope images?1.6(d)
    20Can you describe what events occur during each stage of meiosis I and II?1.6(d)
    21Do you know when a cell becomes haploid and when DNA content halves during meiosis?1.6(d)
    22Do you know the difference between a replicated and a non-replicated chromosome?1.6(d)
    23Can you state where meiosis occurs in plants and animals?1.6(d)
    24Can you explain that meiosis produces non-identical daughter cells (genetically different)?1.6(e)
    25Can you prepare and produce scientific drawings of root tip cells showing stages of mitosis?1.6 Prac
    26Can you prepare and produce scientific drawings of developing anther cells showing stages of meiosis?1.6 Prac
    27Can you calculate the mitotic index (number of cells in mitosis ÷ total number of cells)?1.6 Prac
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  • Unit 1 Past Paper topic Analysis

    WJEC A-Level Biology

    Unit 1: Past Paper Topic Analysis (2016-2024)

    7
    Papers Analysed
    560
    Total Marks
    6
    Main Topics
    45%
    AO2 Average
    Showing all topics
    High Frequency (5+ papers)
    Medium Frequency (3-4 papers)
    Low Frequency (1-2 papers)

    🎯 Most Examined Topics

    • Cell Membranes & Transport7/7
    • Enzymes7/7
    • Protein Synthesis6/7
    • Cell Division (Mitosis)6/7
    • Carbohydrate Structure5/7

    ⚠️ High-Mark Questions (6+)

    • Enzyme Inhibition (QER)9 marks
    • Cell Cycle/Mitosis (QER)9 marks
    • Protein Synthesis5-9 marks
    • Membrane Transport4-8 marks
    • DNA Replication4-6 marks

    📈 Trending Topics (Recent)

    • Prokaryote vs Eukaryote2023, 2024
    • Virus Structure/Replication2016, 2024
    • Lipids & Membrane Fluidity2017, 2022
    • Meiosis Stages2019, 2024
    • ATP Structure & Function2018, 2023

    📊 Key Patterns & Exam Trends

    AO2 (Application) dominates at ~45% of marks
    Students must practice applying knowledge to unfamiliar contexts. Pure recall (AO1) accounts for only ~35% of marks.
    QER questions consistently worth 9 marks
    Extended response questions appear in every paper. Common topics: enzyme inhibition, cell division, protein synthesis, carbohydrate structure/function.
    Practical skills examined in context (15-20% of marks)
    Beetroot permeability, water potential determination, enzyme investigations, and microscope calculations appear regularly.
    Mathematical skills tested throughout (10-15%)
    Magnification calculations, percentage calculations, graph interpretation, and rate calculations are essential.
    1Chemical Elements and Biological Compounds
    High Coverage
    Sub-topicFreqMarksPapers & Questions
    Carbohydrate structure (α/β glucose, starch, cellulose, glycogen)52-62016 Q42018 Q72019 Q22022 Q32024 Q4
    Isomers (structural isomers, α and β glucose)41-22016 Q42019 Q22022 Q32024 Q4
    Condensation & hydrolysis reactions51-32016 Q42018 Q42019 Q42022 Q32024 Q4
    Lipids: triglycerides & phospholipids42-72017 Q52018 Q72022 Q22022 Q4
    Saturated vs unsaturated fatty acids31-42017 Q52022 Q22022 Q4
    Health implications of saturated fat21-22017 Q52022 Q2
    Protein structure (1°, 2°, 3°, 4°)62-52016 Q22018 Q42019 Q42022 Q62023 Q12024 Q1
    Peptide bond formation41-22018 Q42019 Q42022 Q62024 Q1
    Haemoglobin vs collagen (fibrous/globular)32-42018 Q42022 Q62023 Q3
    Food tests (Benedict's, Biuret, Emulsion)32-42016 Q42019 Q32022 Q3
    2Cell Structure and Organisation
    High Coverage
    Sub-topicFreqMarksPapers & Questions
    Organelle identification (EM/diagrams)62-42016 Q32018 Q12019 Q22022 Q12023 Q22024 Q1
    Organelle functions (RER, Golgi, mitochondria)62-52016 Q22018 Q12019 Q22022 Q62023 Q32024 Q1
    Protein synthesis pathway (secretory pathway)53-52016 Q22018 Q12022 Q62023 Q32024 Q7
    Prokaryote vs Eukaryote comparison42-42016 Q32023 Q12024 Q12024 Q6
    Virus structure & replication24-102016 Q22024 Q5
    Tissue types (epithelial, muscle)31-32016 Q32022 Q12023 Q2
    Magnification & actual size calculations42-32017 Q32019 Q12024 Q22024 Q5
    3Cell Membranes and Transport
    Very High Coverage
    Sub-topicFreqMarksPapers & Questions
    Fluid mosaic model structure52-42016 Q52017 Q52022 Q22023 Q32024 Q1
    Membrane components & functions62-52016 Q52017 Q52019 Q22022 Q22023 Q32024 Q1
    Diffusion vs facilitated diffusion62-42016 Q52017 Q52019 Q22022 Q42023 Q32024 Q1
    Active transport (inc. Na⁺/K⁺ pump)42-42016 Q52019 Q22023 Q32024 Q1
    Osmosis & water potential72-62016 Q52017 Q32018 Q52019 Q22022 Q42023 Q12024 Q3
    Membrane permeability (beetroot practical)43-62017 Q52018 Q52022 Q42023 Q4
    Endocytosis & exocytosis41-32016 Q22018 Q12019 Q22024 Q5
    Saturation effect (graphs)32-42019 Q32023 Q32024 Q3
    4Biological Reactions are Regulated by Enzymes
    Very High Coverage
    Sub-topicFreqMarksPapers & Questions
    Lock and key / Induced fit models51-42016 Q62017 Q42019 Q52023 Q12024 Q3
    Competitive inhibition53-92016 Q6 (QER)2018 Q62019 Q52023 Q42024 Q3
    Non-competitive inhibition42-92016 Q6 (QER)2019 Q52023 Q42024 Q3
    Effect of temperature on enzymes52-52017 Q42018 Q52019 Q32022 Q42024 Q3
    Effect of pH on enzymes42-42017 Q42019 Q32023 Q12024 Q3
    Substrate/enzyme concentration effects42-42017 Q42019 Q32023 Q42024 Q3
    Rate calculations from graphs52-32017 Q42019 Q32022 Q52023 Q42024 Q2
    Immobilised enzymes / Biosensors23-52019 Q52023 Q4
    Denaturation vs inactivation31-22018 Q52022 Q42024 Q3
    5Nucleic Acids and Their Functions
    High Coverage
    Sub-topicFreqMarksPapers & Questions
    ATP structure and function42-62018 Q22019 Q22023 Q22024 Q2
    Nucleotide structure41-32018 Q22022 Q32023 Q22024 Q2
    DNA structure (double helix, base pairing)42-42016 Q22017 Q22022 Q32024 Q2
    DNA vs RNA comparison32-42016 Q22018 Q22024 Q2
    Semi-conservative replication33-62017 Q22022 Q32024 Q2
    Meselson-Stahl experiment23-52017 Q22024 Q2
    Transcription52-52016 Q22018 Q42019 Q42022 Q32024 Q7
    Translation63-52016 Q22018 Q12019 Q42022 Q62023 Q32024 Q7
    mRNA, tRNA, rRNA functions51-42016 Q22019 Q42022 Q62024 Q12024 Q7
    Genetic code properties (triplet, degenerate)32-42018 Q42019 Q42024 Q7
    Post-transcriptional modification (splicing)22-52018 Q42024 Q7
    6Genetic Information is Copied and Passed On
    High Coverage
    Sub-topicFreqMarksPapers & Questions
    Cell cycle stages (interphase, mitosis)62-92016 Q12017 Q7 (QER)2018 Q32019 Q12022 Q7 (QER)2024 Q6
    Mitosis stages identification52-42016 Q12018 Q32019 Q12022 Q72024 Q6
    DNA/cell mass changes during cell cycle43-92017 Q7 (QER)2018 Q32022 Q72024 Q6
    Significance of mitosis42-42016 Q12018 Q62022 Q72024 Q6
    Cancer / uncontrolled cell division32-42016 Q12018 Q62022 Q7
    Meiosis stages identification42-52018 Q32019 Q12022 Q52024 Q2
    Mitosis vs meiosis comparison42-42018 Q32019 Q12022 Q52024 Q2
    Genetic variation in meiosis32-32018 Q32019 Q12024 Q2
    Mitotic index calculation22-32019 Q12024 Q2
    Haploid/diploid concepts31-22019 Q12022 Q52024 Q2

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